If you’re a fan of unique and exotic fish, then the discus fish should definitely be on your radar. These cichlids are not only beautiful, but also fascinating creatures that have captivated fish enthusiasts for decades. In this post, we’ll explore everything you need to know about keeping discus in your aquarium, from their diet and housing requirements to their breeding and behavior. Get ready to learn all about these stunning fish!
Discus, scientifically known as Symphysodon spp, is a species of freshwater fish that is widely appreciated for its beauty and unique behavior. Native to the Amazon River basin in South America, these fish are known for their exotic colors and unique body shape.
| Care Data | Description |
|---|---|
| Scientific Name | Symphysodon spp. |
| Tank Size | 55 gallons (208 L) or larger |
| pH range | 6.0-7.0 |
| Temperature range | 82-86°F (24-30°C) |
| Water hardness | 2-8 dGH 1-4 dKH |
| Diet | Live or frozen foods, high-quality protein sources, or beef heart |
| Housing Requirements | Provide plenty of hiding spots, suitable water conditions and pH range, and a suitable diet |
| Behavior and Temperament | Peaceful, but can be shy and timid. |
Appearance
The discus is known for their distinct round and concave shape, as well as their bright and vibrant colors. Discus fish come in a variety of colors including red, green, blue, and brown. They have a laterally compressed body, which means that they are taller than they are wide. Their fins are long and flowing, giving them a graceful appearance when they swim. Discus fish also have a protruding forehead, which is known as a “nuchal hump.”
Lifespan
Discus fish have a relatively long lifespan for a tropical fish, and can live for up to 10 years in captivity.
Average Size and Growth
Discus can grow to be up to 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter, and can weigh up to 1.5 pounds (680 g). They grow slowly, so it may take several years for them to reach their full size.
Tank Size
Discus require a large tank, at least 55 gallons (208 L) for a single fish, and more for a group. They should have plenty of open swimming space and a good filtration system.
Discus fish are tropical fish and require warm water, with a temperature between 82-86°F (28-30°C). They also prefer a lower pH level between 6.0-7.0 and a water hardness between 2-15 dGH. Frequent water changes are required for discus. As a critical care point, these fish are known for being very sensitive to ammonia and nitrate spikes.
Diet
Discus fish are carnivorous and require a protein-rich diet. They can be fed a variety of live, frozen, or prepared foods such as blood worms, brine shrimp, and daphnia. They may also eat flakes or pellets specifically made for discus fish. Beef heart has been reported to be an ideal meal choice for discus by serious hobbyists, but is messy and can quickly degrade water quality.
| Food Options | Description |
|---|---|
| Live bloodworms | Rich in protein, essential amino acids and vitamins |
| Live black worms | High in protein and essential amino acids |
| Live daphnia | Rich in protein and essential fatty acids |
| Live brine shrimp | High in protein and essential amino acids |
| Frozen glass worms | High in protein and essential amino acids |
| Beef heart | High in protein and essential amino acids |
Habitat Requirements
Discus fish are capable of inhabiting a planted tank. Their habitat should include plenty of hiding spots. They should be kept in a tank with a soft substrate like sand. They also appreciate a good amount of cover in the form of rocks, driftwood, and live plants. Be careful using driftwood with sharp points that the fish may accidentally injure themself on.
Behavior and Temperament
Discus fish are peaceful and can be kept with other non-aggressive fish. However, they can be shy and should not be kept with boisterous fish that may stress them out. They are also known to be a bit delicate and require a well-maintained tank.
Breeding
Discus fish are known to be a bit challenging to breed in captivity, but with the right preparation and conditions, it is possible to successfully breed these beautiful fish. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to breed discus fish:
Step 1: Set up a breeding tank
The first step in breeding discus fish is to set up a separate breeding tank. This tank should be at least 30 gallons (113 L) in size. It should also have plenty of hiding spots, such as rocks and plants, to provide the fish with a sense of security. It is also recommended to have a pH level of 6.0-6.5, and a water temperature of 85-88°F (30-31°C).
Step 2: Select a breeding pair
The next step is to select a breeding pair of discus fish. It is important to choose fish that are of the same size and color to preserve the color and quality of the genetics, and that have been conditioned for breeding by providing them with a high-quality diet and optimal water conditions.
Step 3: Condition the fish
Before breeding, it is important to condition the fish by providing them with a high-protein diet, such as live or frozen foods like blood worms, brine shrimp, or daphnia. It’s also important to keep the tank clean and well-maintained to reduce stress on the fish.
Step 4: Initiate spawning
Once the fish are conditioned and ready to breed, you can initiate spawning by gradually lowering the water level in the tank and increasing the water temperature to 86-88°F (30-31°C). This will encourage the fish to start breeding.
Step 5: Monitor the fish
During the breeding process, it is important to monitor the fish closely to ensure that they are healthy and that the breeding process is going smoothly. Look for signs of stress, such as lethargy or loss of appetite, and take action to address any issues that arise.
Step 6: Care for the eggs
Once the fish have spawned, they will lay eggs on a flat surface, such as a rock or a leaf. Use of spawning cone can provide an ideal and easily observable place for your discus to deposit eggs.
The eggs will hatch in 3-4 days, and the fry will begin to swim and look for food and school with their parents. Discus fry will feed on the slime coat of the parents and it is essential to keep the parents in the breeding tank for the fry to survive.
Step 7: Raise the fry
At around 5 days old, feed the fry newly hatched brine shrimp. As the fry grow and develop, it’s important to continue to provide them with a high-quality diet and optimal water conditions. It’s also important to keep the tank clean and well-maintained to reduce stress on the fry.
Step 8: Gradually introduce the fry to the main tank
Once the fry have grown to a suitable size, you can gradually introduce them to the main tank. It’s important to keep an eye on them and make sure they are healthy and thriving in their new environment.
Tankmates
Discus fish should be kept with other peaceful fish such as tetras, rasboras, and other cichlids. They should not be kept with larger or more aggressive fish that may bully or stress them out. Keep in mind discus require very warm water which may not be in the habitable range for many fish.
| Compatible Tankmates | Description |
|---|---|
| Angelfish | Peaceful, similar diet and water parameters |
| Corydoras Catfish | Peaceful, bottom-dweller, helps keep tank clean |
| Guppies | Peaceful, small and active, adds color to the tank |
| Hatchetfish | Peaceful, adds variety, surface-dweller |
| Kuhli Loaches | Peaceful, bottom-dweller, helps keep tank clean |
| Neon Tetras | Peaceful, small and active, adds color to the tank |
| Otocinclus Catfish | Peaceful, algae eater, helps keep tank clean |
| Pristella Tetras | Peaceful, small and active, adds color to the tank |
| Ram Cichlids | Peaceful, similar water parameters, adds variety |
| Rasboras | Peaceful, small and active, adds color to the tank |
| Shrimp | Peaceful, scavengers, helps keep tank clean |
| Snails | Peaceful, scavengers, helps keep tank clean |
| Tiger Barbs | Peaceful, active and adds color to the tank |
| Zebra Danios | Peaceful, active and adds color to the tank |
Variants and Morphs
There are many different variants and morphs of discus fish, each with their own unique coloration and patterns. Some popular variants include the Blue Diamond Discus, the Red Turquoise Discus, and the Leopard Discus. There is weak standardization in the naming convention of uncommon discus morphs and will vary from breeder to breeder.
In this section, we will delve deeper into the variants and morphs of discus fish.
- The Wild-Type Discus
The “standard” or “heckel” discus is considered to be the wild-type of the species. They typically have a brown body with a greenish-blue iridescence on the fins and tail. They are known for their classic discus shape, with a rounded body and a small mouth. These fish are popular due to their natural beauty and the fact that they are the original form of the species. - The Blue Diamond Discus
The Blue Discus is a morph that is known for its bright blue color. They are popular due to their striking coloration, which can range from a pale blue to a deep blue. They are a relatively recent development in the discus breeding industry and are considered to be a rarer variant. - The Royal Red Discus
The Red Discus is a morph that is known for its bright red color. They are popular due to their striking coloration, which can range from a pale red to a deep red. They are a relatively recent development in the discus breeding industry and are considered to be a rarer variant. - The Pigeon Blood Discus
The Pigeon Blood Discus is a morph that is known for its maze like red coloration. They are popular due to their striking coloration, which is a result of selective breeding. They are considered to be a rare and highly sought-after variant in the discus breeding industry. - The Marlboro Red Discus
The Marlboro Red Discus is a morph that is known for its bright red coloration and black spots. They are popular due to their striking coloration, which can range from a pale red to a deep red. They are a relatively recent development in the discus breeding industry and are considered to be a rarer variant. - The Blue Turquoise Discus
The Turquoise Discus is a morph that is known for its bright blue-green coloration, similar to that of turquoise. They are popular due to their striking coloration, which is a result of selective breeding. They are considered to be a rare and highly sought-after variant in the discus breeding industry. - The Snow White Discus
The Snow White Discus is a morph that is known for its pure white coloration. They are popular due to their striking coloration, which is a result of selective breeding. They are considered to be a rare and highly sought-after variant in the discus breeding industry. - The Albino Discus
The Albino Discus is a morph that is known for its lack of pigmentation, resulting in a pink or white coloration. They are popular due to their unique coloration, which is a result of selective breeding. They are considered to be a rare and highly sought-after variant in the discus breeding industry. - The Leopard Discus
The Leopard Discus is a morph that is known for its distinctive leopard-like spots on its body. They are popular due to their unique coloration are considered to be a rare and highly sought-after variant in the discus breeding industry.
These are just examples of known variants and morphs of discus fish and there are many other variations that exist. It’s important to consult with experienced breeders where you are sourcing your fish to ensure that you are getting the variant that you are looking for.
Diseases and Illnesses
Discus can be susceptible to a variety of diseases and it’s important to maintain good water quality and to keep an eye out for any signs of illness, and quarantine any new fish that may be getting added to an otherwise disease free tank.
The following are six of the most common problems you may encounter, along with the symptoms, causes, and best treatments.
- Bacterial infections
Bacterial infections are caused by a variety of bacteria, including Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Columnaris. Symptoms of bacterial infections include redness, inflammation, ulcers, and fin rot. In severe cases, the fish may lose their appetite, become lethargic, and even die. The best treatment for bacterial infections is to use a broad-spectrum antibiotic such as tetracycline or erythromycin. It’s important to maintain the water quality and keep the tank clean to prevent the spread of bacteria. - Parasitic infections
Parasitic infections are caused by a variety of parasites, including Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) and Dactylogyrus. Symptoms of parasitic infections include white spots on the skin, fins, and gills, as well as scratching and flashing. The best treatment for parasitic infections is to use a medication such as copper or malachite green. It’s important to maintain the water quality and keep the tank clean to prevent the spread of parasites. - Fungal infections
Fungal infections are caused by a variety of fungi, including Saprolegnia. Symptoms of fungal infections include cotton-like growths on the skin and fins, as well as discoloration and ulcers. The best treatment for fungal infections is to use a medication such as potassium permanganate or formalin. It’s also important to maintain the water quality and keep the tank clean to prevent the spread of fungal infections. - Swim bladder disorder
Swim bladder disorder is a condition where the fish has difficulty controlling its buoyancy. Symptoms of swim bladder disorder include a fish that is unable to swim properly, with a curved spine, or that is floating upside down. The best treatment for swim bladder disorder is to fast the fish for a few days and then feed them small amounts of food. Also, you can try to lower the water temperature or use a medication such as metronidazole. - Dropsy
Dropsy is a condition where the fish’s scales become raised, giving the fish a pinecone-like appearance. Symptoms of dropsy include a fish that is bloated, has raised scales, and is lethargic. The best treatment for dropsy is to use a medication such as kanamycin or doxycycline. It’s also important to maintain the water quality and keep the tank clean to prevent the spread of Dropsy. - Hole in the head disease
Hole in the head disease is a condition that causes holes to form in the fish’s head, around the eyes, and on the lateral line. Symptoms of hole in the head disease include holes in the fish’s head, along with a loss of color and appetite. The best treatment for hole in the head disease is to use a medication such as metronidazole or levamisole. It’s also important to maintain the water quality and keep the tank clean to prevent the spread of the disease.
History and Origin
The natural range of discus fish is limited to the Amazon River basin in South America, specifically in the countries of Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. They are typically found in slow-moving rivers, creeks, and tributaries, as well as in flooded forests, where they feed on a variety of small aquatic organisms such as worms, crustaceans, and insects. Discus are typically found in water with a pH range of 6.0-7.0 and a temperature range of 75-86°F (24-30°C).
The earliest known scientific description of discus was made by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, who placed them in the genus Cichlasoma. However, later studies revealed that they were more closely related to the genus Symphysodon, and they were subsequently reclassified. In the 19th century, German naturalist Paul Ahl described the first species of discus, Symphysodon aequifasciatus, which is the common “Green Discus” or “Brown Discus” and is considered the most widespread species of discus fish found in the wild.
Discus fish have been kept in captivity for over a century, and they have become a popular species among fish enthusiasts due to their unique shape, bright colors, and peaceful nature. The first discus fish to be kept in captivity were wild-caught fish, but over time, selective breeding has led to the development of a wide variety of different color morphs and patterns. Today, there are many different varieties of discus fish available, each with its own unique characteristics and traits.
Discus have been widely studied by scientists, and much has been learned about their biology, ecology, and behavior. They are considered a keystone species in their natural habitat, and their populations have been impacted by habitat loss and pollution. In recent years, conservation efforts have been undertaken to protect and preserve wild populations of discus fish, and many organizations have been established to promote responsible breeding and care of discus fish in captivity.
It’s worth noting that wild caught discus fish are considered endangered species, that’s why breeding them in captivity is widely encouraged by many organizations. Discus are also known as the “king of the aquarium fish” due to their beauty and peaceful nature.
Well folks, that concludes our journey into the world of discus. We hope you enjoyed learning all about these tropical cichlids and that you’re feeling more confident about keeping them in your own aquarium. Remember, proper care and attention is key to keeping these fish happy and healthy. Happy fish-keeping and we can’t wait to see your discus fish thrive!
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: How big do Discus get?
A: Discus can grow to be about 6-8 inches in diameter.
Q: Are Discus aggressive?
A: Discus are generally not considered to be aggressive, but they may become territorial in certain situations such as breeding.
Q: How much are Discus?
A: The cost of Discus fish can vary depending on the size, color, and rarity of the fish. Prices typically range from $25-$150 or more.
Q: Are Discus freshwater?
A: Yes, Discus fish are freshwater fish.
Q: Where can you buy Discus?
A: You can purchase Discus fish from local fish stores or online retailers that specialize in tropical fish. One of the most popular online breeders that specializes in this fish and has a long reputation in the industry is Jack Wattley Discus.
Q: Are Discus fish hard to keep?
A: Discus fish can be challenging to keep for some hobbyists, as they require a specific water quality, diet, and tank setup. Discus fish are sensitive to water chemistry and require consistent water temperature, pH, and water hardness. They also require a high-quality diet of live or frozen foods.
Q: How to sex Discus fish?
A: Identifying the sex of Discus fish can be difficult, but there are a few physical characteristics that can be used as indicators. Male Discus fish tend to be more colorful and have a larger dorsal fin, while female Discus fish tend to be less colorful and have a smaller dorsal fin.
Q: What do Discus eat?
A: Discus fish are carnivorous and primarily eat a diet of live or frozen foods such as blood worms, brine shrimp, daphnia, and beef heart.
Q: What fish can live with Discus?
A: Discus can live with other peaceful fish species such as Cardinal Tetras, Rummynose Tetras, German Rams, and Corydoras catfish. Angelfish and other cichlids are also often compatible with Discus, but it’s best to research the specific species and their compatibility with Discus before adding them to the tank, as they require higher temperatures than many other tropical freshwater fish.
Q: Where do Discus fish live?
A: Discus are native to the Amazon River and its tributaries in South America.
Q: Are Discus fish cichlids?
A: Yes, Discus are cichlids.
Q: Are Discus fish easy to keep?
A: Discus can be challenging to keep for some hobbyists, as they require a specific water quality, diet, and tank setup. Discus fish are sensitive to water chemistry and require consistent water temperature, pH, and water hardness.
Q: How often do I need to feed my discus fish?
A: Discus should be fed 2-3 small meals per day, rather than one large meal.
Q: Can I keep discus with other cichlids?
A: Discus can be kept with other peaceful cichlids, but should not be kept with larger or more aggressive species that may bully or stress them out.
Q: How can I tell if my discus fish is healthy?
A: A healthy discus fish will have bright and vibrant colors, clear eyes, and a good appetite. They will also be active and swimming around their tank.
Q: How do I tell the difference between a male and female discus fish?
A: Male discus typically have a more curved dorsal fin and a broader head, while female discus fish have a more rounded body shape and a smaller head.
Q: Can I keep multiple discus fish in the same tank?
A: Yes, multiple discus can be kept together in the same tank, but it’s important to provide them with enough space and to ensure that the tank conditions and diet are suitable for all of the fish.
Pro Tips:
- Stay on top of water changes. Be sure to maintain a consistent water temperature and pH level to prevent stress on your fish.
- Provide a variety of hiding spots and cover in the tank to give your discus a sense of security.
- Feed your discus a variety of foods to ensure they are getting all the necessary nutrients they need to thrive.
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